Method, medium, and system for music retrieval using modulation spectrum

ABSTRACT

An audio information retrieval method, medium, and system that can rapidly retrieve audio information, even in noisy environments, by extracting a modulation spectrum that is robust against noise, converting features of the extracted modulation spectrum into hash bits, and using a hash table. The audio information retrieval method may include extracting a modulation spectrum from audio data of a compressed domain, converting the extracted modulation spectrum into fingerprint bits, arranging the fingerprint bits in a form of a hash table, converting a received query into an address by a hash function corresponding to the query, and retrieving the audio information by referring to the hash table.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of Korean Patent Application No.10-2006-0013125, filed on Feb. 10, 2006, in the Korean IntellectualProperty Office, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein byreference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

Embodiments of the present invention relate to a music informationretrieval method, medium, and system using a modulation spectrum, andmore particularly, to a music information retrieval method, medium, andsystem that can rapidly retrieve music information having noise byextracting a modulation spectrum from music data, converting theextracted modulation spectrum into hash bits, and using a hash table.

2. Description of the Related Art

In conventional music information retrieval techniques, features foraudio retrieval are extracted by using a power spectrum obtained byconverting an audio signal into the frequency domain via a fast Fouriertransform (FFT). Accordingly, the conventional music informationretrieval techniques are not robust against potential noise.

In addition, the conventional music information retrieval techniques cannot quickly retrieve and provide the desired information about aparticular song identical to a user's query from a large-capacitydatabase when a statistical method such as a Gaussian Mixture Model(GMM) and a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is used. These models are widelyutilized for audio retrieval.

Similarly, audio fingerprint systems have also been utilized in suchconventional music information retrieval techniques, but these also arenot robust against noise. In addition, when retrieving music informationfrom music data that was obtained in a real life situation, e.g., musicthat was recorded or overheard from an outdoor area, such as on astreet, system performance becomes deteriorated.

In addition, in the conventional music information retrieval techniques,a spectral flatness and a spectral crest measure have been utilized asidentifying features, but such features are also not robust againstvarious types of noisy environments. Further, since a VectorQuantization (VQ) or a Statistical Nearest Neighbor (SNN) method havebeen utilized with fingerprint indexing, information retrievalperformance again becomes deteriorated in various types of noisyenvironments.

As such conventional music information retrieval techniques may alsoextract a modulation spectrum, utilizing a wave conversion in structuresof various steps, and utilize a nearest neighbor classification method,music retrieval speed similarly becomes significantly decreased.

Accordingly, the inventors of the present invention have found a needfor a method, medium, and system that is robust against noise and alsocan rapidly retrieve music information as needed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An aspect of an embodiment of the present invention provides a method,medium, and system that can rapidly retrieve music information in anoisy environment by extracting a modulation spectrum that is robustagainst noise, converting features of the extracted modulation spectruminto hash bits, and using a hash table.

An aspect of an embodiment of the present invention also provides amethod, medium, and system that can retrieve music information by afingerprint based hash searching operation using features of a ModifiedDiscrete Cosine Transformation-Modulation Spectrum (MDCT-MS) that isrobust against noise.

An aspect of an embodiment of the present invention further provides amethod, medium, and system that can retrieve music information by afingerprint based soft hash searching operation using features of anMDCT-MS that is robust against noise.

An aspect of an embodiment of the present invention also provides amethod, medium, and system that can retrieve music information by a hashsearching operation using peak points according to features of anMDCT-MS that is robust against noise.

Additional aspects and/or advantages of the invention will be set forthin part in the description which follows and, in part, will be apparentfrom the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention.

To achieve the above and/or other aspects and advantages, embodiments ofthe present invention include an audio information storage method,including using a database and hash table generated by extracting amodulation spectrum from audio data, in a compressed domain of the audiodata, converting the extracted modulation spectrum into fingerprint bitsfor each of the audio data, arranging the fingerprint bits in a form ofthe hash table, converting a received query into an address, using ahash function, corresponding to the query, and retrieving audioinformation from the database by using the address to refer to the hashtable.

To achieve the above and/or other aspects and advantages, embodiments ofthe present invention include an audio information storage method,including generating a Modified Discrete CosineTransformation-Modulation Spectrum (MDCT-MS) fingerprint database fromaudio data in corresponding compressed domains, generating a hash tableby dividing each MDCT-MS fingerprint in the MDCT-MS fingerprint databaseinto segments, extracting an MDCT-MS fingerprint from an audio clip, anddividing the extracted MDCT-MS fingerprint from the audio clip intosegments and utilizing the audio clip segments as a hash value forreferring to the MDCT-MS fingerprint database to retrieve a stored clipthat matches the audio clip.

The method may further include calculating Bit Error Ratio (BER) valuesbetween the audio clip and indexed clips of the database, and comparingthe calculated BER values to determine one of the indexed clips having alowest BER value as a final result of the retrieving of the stored clipidentical to the audio clip

In addition, the generating of the hash table may include dividing eachMDCT-MS fingerprint into a plurality of segments, each segment having anidentical length, and generating the hash table by using the dividedsegments as the hash value.

The hash table may further correspond to each segment of the MDCT-MSfingerprints.

The method may further include acquiring unreliable bits with respect tothe MDCT-MS fingerprints by ranking deviation values of neighboringframes of a corresponding MDCT-MS.

Here, the acquiring of the unreliable bits may include acquiring theunreliable bits with respect to a corresponding MDCT-MS fingerprint bysetting a predetermined threshold with respect to the deviation valuesof the neighboring frames of the corresponding MDCT-MS.

To achieve the above and/or other aspects and advantages, embodiments ofthe present invention include an audio information storage method, forretrieving audio information from a database by referring to a hashtable, based upon a received query converted into an address by a hashfunction, the method including extracting a corresponding modulationspectrum from audio data in corresponding compressed domains, convertingthe corresponding extracted modulation spectrum into fingerprint bits,and arranging the fingerprint bits in a form of the hash table for theretrieval of the audio data from the database based upon the addressgenerated by the hash function.

To achieve the above and/or other aspects and advantages, embodiments ofthe present invention include an audio information storage method,including generating an MDCT-MS fingerprint database from audio data incorresponding compressed domains, generating a hash table for thegenerated MDCT-MS fingerprint database based on correspondingunreliable-bits-toggled MDCT-MS fingerprints, extracting an MDCT-MSfingerprint from an audio clip while calculating a hash value of theaudio clip based on the unreliable-bits-toggled MDCT-MS fingerprints,and referring to the MDCT-MS database to retrieve a clip that matcheslthe audio clip based on the hash value of the audio clip.

The method may further include calculating BER values between the audioclip and indexed clips and comparing the calculated BER values todetermine one of the indexed clips having a lowest BER value as a finalresult of the retrieving of the clip matching the audio clip.

To achieve the above and/or other aspects and advantages, embodiments ofthe present invention include an audio information storage method,including generating an MDCT-MS fingerprint database from audio data incorresponding compressed domains, generating a hash table for thegenerated MDCT-MS fingerprint database by using corresponding peakpoints as a corresponding hash value, calculating a hash value, based onpeak points, of an audio clip and extracting an MDCT-MS fingerprint ofthe audio clip, and referring to the MDCT-MS database to retrieve a clipthat matches the audio clip, from clips that are maintained in theMDCT-MS fingerprint database, based on the calculated hash value of theaudio clip.

The method may further include calculating BER values between the audioclip and indexed clips and comparing the calculated BER values todetermine at least one of the indexed clips having a lowest BER value asa final result of the retrieving of the clip matching the audio clip.

Here, the corresponding hash value may utilize a corresponding firstpeak point and second peak point of the corresponding MDCT-MS.

In addition, corresponding hash value may utilize a distance between thecorresponding first peak point and second peak point of thecorresponding MDCT-MS.

Further, the generating of the hash table may further include generatingthe hash table by simultaneously utilizing information on acorresponding first peak point and second peak point of thecorresponding MDCT-MS.

The retrieving of the audio clip may further include retrieving thematching clip from the MDCT-MS fingerprint database based on peak pointinformation of the audio clip.

The method may still further include generating bits bias tolerance withrespect to a corresponding first peak point and second peak point of thecorresponding MDCT-MS.

To achieve the above and/or other aspects and advantages, embodiments ofthe present invention include at least one medium including computerreadable code to implement embodiments of the present invention.

To achieve the above and/or other aspects and advantages, embodiments ofthe present invention include an audio information storage system,including an audio fingerprint generation unit to extract an MDCT-MSfrom audio data in a compressed domain and to generate an audiofingerprint of the audio data, and an audio data retrieval unit to referto a database to retrieve retrieval audio data corresponding to thegenerated audio fingerprint.

The audio fingerprint generation unit may include an MDCT coefficientextraction unit to extract MDCT coefficients from the audio data in thecompressed domain by partially decoding the audio data, an MDCTcoefficient selection unit to select an MDCT coefficient, existing in afrequency domain not affected by noise, from the extracted MDCTcoefficients, a modulation spectrum generation unit to perform aDiscrete Fourier Transform (DFT) with respect to the selected MDCTcoefficient and to generate an MDCT modulation spectrum (MDCT-MS) of theaudio data, and a bit unit to quantize features of the generated MDCT-MSaccording to a bit derivation method.

In addition, the bit unit may rank absolute values according to the bitderivation method, select unreliable bits from quantized bits, andquantize the selected unreliable bits to ‘0’ and ‘1’ from ‘1’ and ‘0’,respectively.

The system may further include peak point extraction unit to extractpeak points from the MDCT-MS features.

Here, the audio data retrieval unit may include a hash retrieval unit togenerate a hash value from the generated audio fingerprint and toretrieve at least one candidate audio fingerprint from the databasewhich matches the generated hash value by referring to a hash table, afingerprint retrieval unit to compare the at least one retrievedcandidate audio fingerprint and the generated audio fingerprint andretrieving one of the at least one candidate audio fingerprint that hasa bit error rate smaller than a predetermined reference value, aninformation storage unit to store audio data information, each includingcorresponding candidate audio fingerprints, and an information providingunit to provide a user with audio data information corresponding to theone of the at least one candidate audio fingerprint.

The hash retrieval unit may include a hash value generation unit toextract an indexing bit from the generated audio fingerprint and togenerate a hash value by a hash function, a hash table storing hashvalues corresponding to addresses referring to each candidate audiofingerprint in the database and an address referring to eachcorresponding audio data information, and a table retrieval unit toretrieve the one of the at least one candidate audio fingerprint whichmatches the generated hash value from the hash table.

In addition, the fingerprint retrieval unit may include an audiofingerprint storage unit to convert the audio data into the generatedaudio fingerprint and to store the generated audio fingerprint, a BERcalculation unit to calculating a BER value of the at least onecandidate audio fingerprint and the generated audio fingerprint, acomparison unit to compare a predetermined threshold and the calculatedBER value, an audio fingerprint detection unit to detect the one of theat least one candidate audio fingerprint as having a BER value smallerthan the threshold, and a threshold adjustment unit to adjust thethreshold according to a result of the detection of the one of the atleast one candidate audio fingerprint.

Here, the threshold adjustment unit may adjust the threshold until onlya single candidate audio fingerprint, of the at least one candidateaudio fingerprints, is detected from the audio fingerprint detectionunit.

To achieve the above and/or other aspects and advantages, embodiments ofthe present invention include an audio information storage system, to bereferred to for retrieval of a stored audio data, corresponding to aquery audio data input, using a hash function, including an MDCTcoefficient extraction unit to extract corresponding MDCT coefficientsfrom audio data in corresponding compressed domains by partiallydecoding the audio data, an MDCT coefficient selection unit to select acorresponding MDCT coefficient, existing in a frequency domain notaffected by noise, from the extracted corresponding MDCT coefficients, amodulation spectrum generation unit to perform a Discrete FourierTransform (DFT) with respect to the selected corresponding MDCTcoefficient and to generate a corresponding MDCT modulation spectrum(MDCT-MS) of the audio data, a bit unit to quantize features of thegenerated corresponding MDCT-MS according to a bit derivation method,and a storage to store a plurality of generated audio fingerprints in adatabase and/or to store a hash table corresponding to the plurality ofgenerated audio fingerprints, based on results of the MDCT coefficientextraction unit, MDCT coefficient selection unit, modulation spectrumgeneration unit, and bit unit.

In addition, above, the audio data may be music data.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and/or other aspects and advantages of the invention will becomeapparent and more readily appreciated from the following description ofthe embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings ofwhich:

FIG. 1 illustrates a music information retrieval system, according to anembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 illustrates a music information retrieval system, according toanother embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of MDCT-MS features in a music informationretrieval system, according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 illustrates a music information retrieval method, according to anembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 illustrates a music information retrieval method, according toanother embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 6 illustrates a music information retrieval method, according tostill another embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the presentinvention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanyingdrawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to the like elementsthroughout. Embodiments are described below in order to explain thepresent invention by referring to the figures.

FIG. 1 illustrates a music information retrieval system, according to anembodiment of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 1, a music information retrieval system 100, accordingto an embodiment, may include an audio fingerprint generation unit 110and an audio data retrieval unit 120, for example.

The audio fingerprint generation unit 110 may extract a ModifiedDiscrete Cosine Transformation-Modulation Spectrum (MDCT-MS) from musicdata of a compressed domain and generate an audio fingerprint. The audiofingerprint generation unit 110 may include an MDCT coefficientextraction unit 111, an MDCT coefficient selection unit 112, amodulation spectrum generation unit 113, and a bit unit 114, forexample.

The MDCT coefficient extraction unit 111 extracts MDCT coefficients fromthe music data in the compressed domain by partially decoding the musicdata.

The MDCT coefficient selection unit 112 may select only MDCTcoefficients which exist in a low frequency domain from the extractedMDCT coefficients. In this instance, the low frequency domain mayincludes rhythms of instrumental tunes and is not affected by noise.

The modulation spectrum generation unit 113 may perform a DiscreteFourier Transform (DFT) with respect to the selected MDCT coefficientsand generate a modulation spectrum, so as to obtain a repeated tempo ofa rhythm, for example. In this instance, since the modulate spectrum isextracted from music data in the compressed domain, the modulationspectrum does not change with respect to a time-invariant filteringeffect and is also robust against noise. Here, again, it is noted thatas the modulate spectrum can be extracted from music data in thecompressed domain, noise has less of an affect.

The bit unit 114 may quantize features of the generated MDCT-MS of eachclip according to a bit derivation approach. As an example, when aderivation between neighboring MDCT-MS points is greater than ‘0’, thebit unit 114 may quantize a bit corresponding to the derivation to ‘1’.Also, when the derivation between the neighboring MDCT-MS points is lessthan ‘0’, the bit unit 114 may quantize a bit corresponding to thederivation to ‘0’, for example.

According to an embodiment, the music information retrieval system mayreduce the size of an audio fingerprint by performing quantization,according to a process as described above, converting the audiofingerprint into a fingerprint that is more robust against noise andwhich may be able to be rapidly extracted from a large-capacity databaseby a querying clip by using a hash table.

The bit unit 114 may divide the MDCT-MS fingerprint into segments, forexample, so as to maintain a high hit rate with a low false alarm rate.

As only an example, in one embodiment, when the MDCT-MS fingerprint is1024 bits, the bit unit 114 may divide the MDCT-MS fingerprint into 128segments. In this instance, each segment may include 8 bits and ‘2⁸=256’entries with respect to each respective hash table. When it is assumedthat the distribution of hash values is regular and an MDCT-MSfingerprint includes 250,000 clips, approximately 1000 clips will matcheach hash value. To maintain the hit rate, 32 hash values are generatedusing initial 32 segments. According to the above-described process,clips matching each querying clip are increased to 1000×32=32,000.

According to another embodiment, the bit unit 114 may rank absolutevalues according to the bit derivation approach, select unreliable bitsfrom the quantized bits, and quantize the selected unreliable bits to‘0’ and ‘1’, so as to prevent the quantized unreliable bits, by theabsolute values, from being easily distorted by noise and thus, preventa quantization error from occurring. A music information retrievalmethod using a fingerprint based soft hash searching method according tosuch an embodiment may improve a hit rate of music information retrievalby selecting the unreliable bits and preventing the quantized unreliablebits from being easily distorted by noise.

The audio data retrieval unit 120 may retrieve audio data correspondingto an audio fingerprint, e.g., generated in the audio fingerprintgeneration unit 110, and provide a user, for example, with informationon the retrieved audio data. The audio data retrieval unit 120 mayinclude a hash retrieval unit 130, a fingerprint retrieval unit 140, aninformation storage unit 150, and an information providing unit 160, forexample.

The hash retrieval unit 130 may further include a hash value generationunit 131, a table retrieval unit 132, and a hash table 133, for example.

Here, the hash value generation unit 131 may extract an indexing bitfrom an audio fingerprint, e.g., generated in the bit unit 114, andgenerate a hash value by a hash function. In this instance, the indexingbit does not have a consecutive bit error.

According to another embodiment, the hash value generation unit 131 maygenerate a lookup table by selecting an N^(th) bit of a sub-fingerprint,from the generated bits, and select a k number of unreliable bits fromthe selected sub-fingerprint.

As only an example, in an embodiment the hash table 133 may store hashvalues corresponding to an address of each audio fingerprint that isstored in the audio fingerprint storage unit 141, and an address of eachaudio data information that is stored in the information storage unit150.

In this instance, the hash table 133 may be a lookup table that isgenerated using an N number of bits selected from bits of an MDCT-MS,e.g., as generated in the bit unit 114. Such a fingerprint based hashsearching method, according to one embodiment, does not calculate a BitError Ratio (BER) between a given query and each clip of a musicdatabase, but selects N bits of sub-fingerprints which are selected frombits of each block, and utilizes the selected sub-fingerprint forindexing and, thus, generates the lookup table.

However, when an MDCT-MS fingerprint of the querying clip is distorted,e.g., by strong noise, and thereby, has a bit error, the hash table 133may select neighboring M*N bits as hash values and generate an M numberof lookup tables so as to improve a hit rate of the indexing.

According to another embodiment, in the hash table 133, the length ofeach segment may be expanded and the hash value also increased byunreliable-bits-toggling of an MDCT-MS fingerprint. As an example, whenthe each segment is 8 bits, the length of the each segment may beexpanded to 16 bits and the hash value may become 2¹⁶=65536 byunreliable-bits-toggling.

Namely, such a music information retrieval method, according to thisembodiment, may increase the hit rate in hash searching by togglingunreliable bits of the MDCT-MS fingerprint. Also, this music informationretrieval method may further expand the hash table by togglingunreliable bits of the MDCT-MS fingerprint.

The table retrieval unit 132 may, thus, retrieve a hash value thatmatches a hash value generated in the hash value generation unit 131,from the hash table 133. In addition, the table retrieval unit 132 mayoutput a candidate audio fingerprint to a BER calculation unit 142.

A hash searching method, according to an embodiment of the presentinvention, may arrange data in a hash table for rapidly searching data,for example. Here, when a key value of the data is given, the hashsearching method may convert the key value into an address of the hashtable by an appropriate hash function and retrieve the desired data. Inthis instance, the key value of data may include a number string or acharacter string that is a reference when encoding data. Further, in thehash searching method, according to an embodiment of the presentinvention, searching time may be regular without regard to the size ofthe hash table and may also be faster than an alternate searching methodsuch as a binary search. In addition, with such a hash table approach,data may be easily inserted or deleted.

A hash function according to an embodiment of the present invention maybe utilized when converting a key value into an address in the hashtable. More particularly, the hash function enables data to bemoved/stored from a set of key values to a set of addresses of the hashtable. As the possible combinations of key values are much larger thanthe size of the hash table, the hash function, according to oneembodiment, may be a many-to-one correspondence function. Further, inone hash function embodiment, it may be desirable that the calculationbe faster and simpler and the number of cases that different key valuesoutput an identical address should be minimized. In addition, accordingto an embodiment, the hash table may have a deep relationship with ahash searching performance Further, hash collisions may also be reduceddepending upon which function is utilized.

Accordingly, a hash table according to the present invention will bereferred to by a hash function and arranged with buckets storing data.In this instance, at least one record may be received in a singlebucket. When several records are received in the bucket, each recordwill be referred to as a slot.

To input data into the hash table, the hash searching method, accordingto an embodiment of the present embodiment, may convert a given keyvalue into the hash function and thereby obtain an address of the hashtable. Here, when a bucket corresponding to the obtained address isempty, data may be stored/input into the bucket. Alternatively,according to an embodiment, if the corresponding bucket is not empty theattempt to store/input the data may be regarded to as a collision and analternate position to store/input the data may be found. A method forsolving such a collision may include a linear search, a binary search, are-hash search, a hash chain, etc.

A hash searching method, according to embodiments of the presentinvention, thus, obtains a hash address according to the above and maythus recorded/obtain data from the address in the hash table, toretrieve the data that was previously stored/input into the hash table.However, in a hash searching method, another bucket may actually includethe desired data, e.g., due to a collision, rather than the hashfunction address result. Accordingly whether data at the obtainedaddress is the desired data may be determined by comparing key valuesand, if it is not the desired data, the desired data may be searchedfor, based upon particular collision rules, until the desired data isfound.

Accordingly, with the above having been explained, the fingerprintretrieval unit 140 may include an audio fingerprint storage unit 141, aBER calculation unit 142, a comparison unit 143, an audio fingerprintdetection unit 144, and a threshold adjustment unit 145, for example.

The audio fingerprint storage unit 141 may convert audio data into anaudio fingerprint and then store the converted audio fingerprint.

The BER calculation unit 142 may calculate a BER value of a candidateaudio fingerprint, e.g., as output in the table retrieval unit 132, andan audio fingerprint generated in the bit unit 114, for example, using ahamming distance.

The comparison unit 143 may compare a predetermined threshold and thecalculated BER value and output a result of the comparison to the audiofingerprint detection unit 144.

Here, based on this comparison, the audio fingerprint detection unit 144may further detect the audio fingerprint which has a BER value smallerthan the predetermined threshold.

The threshold adjustment unit 145 may further adjust the thresholdaccording to the detection result of the audio fingerprint detectionunit 144. Namely, the threshold adjustment unit 145 may strictly adjusta threshold, which is loosely applied to an initial comparison in thecomparison unit 143, according to the result of the detection in theaudio fingerprint detection unit 144. Here, the threshold adjustmentunit 145 may further repeatedly adjust the threshold until only a singleaudio fingerprint is detected in the audio fingerprint detection unit144.

The information storage unit 150 may store audio data informationcorresponding to an audio fingerprint stored in the audio fingerprintstorage unit 141. In this instance, the audio data information mayinclude any types of information, such as a title of a song, a singer, acomposer, a singsong writer, and a play time, for example. Alternativetypes of information are equally available.

In an embodiment, the information providing unit 160 may further extractaudio data information corresponding to an audio fingerprint, which isdetected in the audio fingerprint detection unit 144, from theinformation storage unit 150 and then provide a user with the extractedaudio data information.

Accordingly, as described above, a music information retrieval system,according to any of the above-described embodiments, may generate and/orutilize an MDCT-MS fingerprint database of a music file and generateand/or use a hash table using an MDCT-MS fingerprint, to rapidlyretrieve music information according to a hash searching method byextracting an MDCT-MS fingerprint from a query music file and utilizethe extracted MDCT-MS fingerprint as a hash value.

FIG. 2 illustrates a music information retrieval system, according toanother embodiment of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 2, a music information retrieval system 200, accordingto an embodiment of the present embodiment, may include an audiofingerprint generation unit 210 and an audio data retrieval unit 220.

The audio fingerprint generation unit 210 may extract an MDCT-MS frommusic data of a compressed domain and generate an audio fingerprint. Theaudio fingerprint generation unit 210 may further include an MDCTcoefficient extraction unit 211, an MDCT coefficient selection unit 212,a modulation spectrum generation unit 213, a peak point extraction unit214, and a bit unit 215, for example.

Again, the MDCT coefficient extraction unit 211 may extract MDCTcoefficients from the music data in the compressed domain by partiallydecoding the music data.

Here, the MDCT coefficient selection unit 212 may select only MDCTcoefficients that exist in a low frequency domain from the extractedMDCT coefficients. As noted above, the low frequency domain includesrhythms of instrumental tunes and is not affected by noise.

The modulation spectrum generation unit 213 may perform a DFT withrespect to the selected MDCT coefficients and generate a modulationspectrum, so as to obtain a repeated tempo of a rhythm. In thisinstance, since the modulate spectrum is extracted from music data inthe compressed domain, the modulation spectrum does not change withrespect to a time-invariant filtering effect and is also robust againstnoise. Again, it is noted that the modulate spectrum is extracted frommusic data in the compressed domain.

The peak point extraction unit 214 may extract peak points from thegenerated modulation spectrum. Here, features of the modulation spectrummay indicate tempo information which has a frequency below about 1 kHz,for example. The peak position of the modulation spectrum may indicate amajor rhythm value in a music signal. Further, the extracted peak pointsare not substantially affected by noise and are very robust against realnoise. Accordingly, the peak points information is suitable for a hashvalue.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of MDCT-MS features in a music informationretrieval system, according to still another embodiment of the presentinvention.

As shown in FIG. 3, a first peak point and a second peak point,according to MDCT-MS features, may be extracted equally in both a cleanenvironment without noise and in a noisy environment.

Since MDCT-MS features may indicate tempo information which has afrequency below about 1 kHz, for example, and the peak position of theMDCT-MS indicates a major rhythm value in a music signal, a musicinformation retrieval method according to this embodiment may use thepeak points since, similar to above, they are not substantially affectedby noise and are very robust against noise.

In addition, in such a music information retrieval method, using peakpoints since the first peak point and the second peak point of theMDCT-MS are extremely robust against noise, such peak points informationmay be utilized as a hash value.

Here, the bit unit 215 may quantize peak points of the MDCT-MS for eachclip, according to a bit derivation approach.

As an example, when a single block of the MDCT-MS fingerprint isquantized into 1024 bits, the peak point may be converted from 0 into1023. In an embodiment, for example, when a maximum peak point is 1024bits, an actual peak point may be distributed in an area of [1, 512].When it is assumed that the first peak point is N and the second peakpoint is M, (1000*N+M) may be utilized as a hash function, for example.In this instance, the N and the M may correspond to 0<N<512 and 0<M<512,respectively.

An audio data retrieval unit 220 may further retrieve audio datacorresponding to an audio fingerprint, e.g., generated in the audiofingerprint generation unit 210, and provide a user with information onthe retrieved audio data. The audio data retrieval unit 220 may furtherinclude a hash retrieval unit 230, a fingerprint retrieval unit 240, aninformation storage unit 250, and an information providing unit 260, forexample.

The hash retrieval unit 230 may include a hash value generation unit231, a table retrieval unit 232, and a hash table 233, for example.

Here, the hash value generation unit 231 may extract an indexing bitfrom an audio fingerprint, e.g., generated in the bit unit 215, andgenerate a hash value by a hash function. In this instance, the indexingbit may not have a consecutive bit error. Further, the hash valuegeneration unit 231 may utilize the peak points information, e.g.,extracted in the peak point extraction unit 214, as the hash value. Asan example, when utilizing a hash value of 18 bits, entries of the hashtable 233 may become 2¹⁸=262, 144.

Thus, according to an embodiment, the hash table 233 may store hashvalues corresponding to an address of each audio fingerprint that isstored in the audio fingerprint storage unit 241, and an address of eachaudio data information that is stored in the information storage unit250.

In this instance, the hash table 233 is a lookup table that may begenerated using an N number of bits selected from bits of an MDCT-MS,e.g., as generated in the bit unit 114. Similar to the fingerprint basedhash searching method of the above-described embodiment of the presentinvention, an MDCT-MS fingerprint address corresponding to a fingerprintdatabase may be recorded in the lookup table.

The table retrieval unit 232 may retrieve a hash value, which matches ahash value generated in the hash value generation unit 231, from thehash table 233. In addition, the table retrieval unit 232 may output acandidate audio fingerprint to a BER calculation unit 242. Namely, thetable retrieval unit 232 may closely check the lookup table, i.e., thehash table 233, and retrieve an address of fingerprint blocks that havean identical peak point to the querying clip and output the retrievedfingerprints to the BER calculation unit 242 as the candidate audiofingerprint.

The fingerprint retrieval unit 240 may further include an audiofingerprint storage unit 241, a BER calculation unit 242, a comparisonunit 243, an audio fingerprint detection unit 144, and a thresholdadjustment unit 245, for example.

Here, the audio fingerprint storage unit 241 may convert audio data intoan audio fingerprint and store the converted audio fingerprint.

The BER calculation unit 242 may calculate a BER value of a candidateaudio fingerprint that is output by the table retrieval unit 232 and anaudio fingerprint that is generated in the bit unit 215 using a hammingdistance, for example.

The comparison unit 243 compares a predetermined threshold and thecalculated BER value and outputs a result of the comparison to the audiofingerprint detection unit 244.

The audio fingerprint detection unit 244 may further detect an audiofingerprint that has a BER value smaller than a predetermined thresholdaccording to the result of the comparison output from the comparisonunit 243. Namely, the audio fingerprint detection unit 244 may calculateBER values between a fingerprint of the querying clip and a candidatefingerprint of the database and detect a block of the database having alowest BER value.

The threshold adjustment unit 245 may adjust the threshold based on theresult of the audio fingerprint detection unit 244. Namely, thethreshold adjustment unit 245 may strictly adjust a threshold, which isloosely applied to an initial comparison in the comparison unit 243,according to the result of detection in the audio fingerprint detectionunit 244. Further, the threshold adjustment unit 245 may repeatedlyadjust the threshold until only a single audio fingerprint is detectedin the audio fingerprint detection unit 244.

When the lowest BER value is below a pre-set threshold, the fingerprintretrieval unit 240 may select an audio fingerprint corresponding to thelowest BER value as a best matched song and may inform the informationproviding unit 260 of this event. Further, when the lowest BER value isnot below the threshold, the fingerprint retrieval unit 240 may informthe information providing unit 260 that no song matches the queryingclip in the database.

The information storage unit 250 may store audio data informationcorresponding to an audio fingerprint stored in the audio fingerprintstorage unit 241. In this instance, the audio data information mayinclude any types of information, such as a title of a song, a singer, acomposer, a singsong writer, and a play time, for example.

The information providing unit 260, thus, may extract audio datainformation corresponding to an audio fingerprint, e.g., detected in theaudio fingerprint detection unit 244, from the information storage unit250 and provide a user with the extracted audio data information.

As described above, a music information retrieval system according to anabove-described embodiment of the present invention may accuratelyretrieve music information even in a noisy environment by utilizing peakpoint information of a modulation spectrum.

FIG. 4 illustrates a music information retrieval method, according to anembodiment of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 4, in operation 410, if not already generated, MDCT-MSfingerprint database may be generated from music data of a compresseddomain. In addition, according to an embodiment of the presentinvention, the MDCT-MS fingerprint database may enlarged by the additionof additional fingerprints, for example.

Namely, in operation 410, MDCT coefficients from the music data, in thecompressed domain, may be extracted by partially decoding the musicdata, and only MDCT coefficients may be selected, for example, as theyare not affected by noise, from the extracted MDCT coefficients. A DFT,with respect to the selected MDCT coefficients, may further be performedand thus, a modulation spectrum may be extracted and features of theextracted modulation spectrum quantized. Through the process describedabove, a MDCT-MS fingerprint database may be generated with respect toeach available clip.

In operation 420, a hash table may be generated by using a correspondingMDCT-MS fingerprint that is divided into segments. According to anembodiment, the hash table may include hash values corresponding to anaddress of each audio fingerprint that is stored in a predeterminedaudio fingerprint storage unit and an address of each audio datainformation that is stored in a predetermined information storage unit.

Thus, in operation 420, the hash table may be generated by dividing theMDCT-MS fingerprint into a plurality of segments with an identicallength, for example, and utilizing the divided segments as the hashvalue. In this instance, various types of hash tables may be generatedwith respect to the MDCT-MS fingerprint database in which each hashtable corresponds to each segment of the MDCT-MS fingerprint.

In addition, in operation 420, unreliable bits with respect to theMDCT-MS fingerprint may be acquired/determined by ranking deviationvalues of neighboring frames of the MDCT-MS. Namely, unreliable bits,with respect to the MDCT-MS fingerprint, may be acquired/determined bysetting a predetermined threshold with respect to the deviation valuesof neighboring frames of the MDCT-MS.

A music information retrieval method using a soft hash searching method,according to an above-described embodiment of the present invention, mayincrease a hash value of each MDCT-MS fingerprint and expand the hashtable by toggling unreliable bits of the MDCT-MS fingerprint. Here, sucha music information retrieval method may increase a hit rate withrespect to hash searching by toggling unreliable bits of the MDCT-MSfingerprint.

In operation 430 an MDCT-MS fingerprint from a querying clip may beextracted.

Further, in operation 440, the extracted MDCT-MS fingerprint from thequerying clip may be divided into segments, such that the segments maybe used as a hash value and to retrieve an identical clip by referringto the MDCT-MS fingerprint database. Here, unreliable bits, with respectto the MDCT-MS fingerprint of the querying clip, may be toggled and thetoggled unreliable bits may be applied to the hash value.

In operation 450, BER values, between the querying clip and all indexedclips, may be calculated and the calculated BER values may be comparedto determine a lowest BER value as a final retrieval result.

As described above, according to the above-described embodiments of thepresent invention, music information may be retrieved even in varioustypes of noisy environments by using MDCT-MS features. In addition, asong identical to a given querying clip may be rapidly retrieved from alarge-capacity of stored songs.

FIG. 5 illustrates a music information retrieval method according toanother embodiment of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 5, in operation 510, according to an embodiment, anMDCT-MS fingerprint database may be generated. Namely, in operation 510,MDCT coefficients may be extracted from music data in the compresseddomain by partially decoding the music data, with only MDCT coefficientsbeing selected, for example, as they are not affected by noise. A DFT,with respect to the selected MDCT coefficients, may be performed, andthus, a modulation spectrum may be extracted and features of theextracted modulation spectrum quantized. Through the process describedabove, the MDCT-MS fingerprint database may be generated with respect toeach clip.

In operation 520, a hash table with an unreliable-bits-toggled MDCT-MSfingerprint may be generated. Here, a hash value of each MDCT-MSfingerprint may be increased by toggling unreliable bits with respect tothe MDCT-MS fingerprint and the hash table may be expanded according tothe increased hash value.

In operation 530, an MDCT-MS fingerprint may be extracted from aquerying clip while calculating the hash value based on theunreliable-bits-toggled MDCT-MS fingerprint.

Further, in operation 540, the extracted MDCT-MS fingerprint, from thequerying clip, may be divided into segments, such that the segments areutilized as a hash value and an identical clip may be retrieved byreferring to the MDCT-MS fingerprint database.

In operation 550, BER values may be calculated between the querying clipand all indexed clips, calculated BER values may be compared, and alowest BER value may be determined as a final retrieval result.

As described above, according to the above-described embodiment, a hitrate in retrieving music information may be increased by utilizing asoft hash searching method and adopting unreliable bits, rather thanutilizing a simple hash searching method.

FIG. 6 illustrates a music information retrieval method, according tostill another embodiment of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 6, in operation 610, an MDCT-MS fingerprint databasemay be generated.

In operation 620, a hash table may be generated by using peak pointinformation as hash values. In this embodiment, a first peak point and asecond peak point of the MDCT-MS are utilized as the hash value. Namely,the distance between the first peak point and the second peak point ofthe MDCT-MS may be utilized as the hash value. Further, in operation620, the hash table may be generated by utilizing information on thefirst peak point and the second peak point.

In addition, in operation 620, the bit length of the hash value may beexpanded by utilizing information on the first peak point and the secondpeak point of the MDCT-MS.

Still further, in operation 620, a bit bias tolerance may be generatedwith respect to the first peak point and the second peak point of theMDCT-MS.

Thus, the music information retrieval method, according to thisabove-described embodiment, may increase a hash value of each MDCT-MSfingerprint by utilizing an error tolerance setting with respect to thefirst peak point and the second peak point of the MDCT-MS. In addition,the music information retrieval method may increase a hit rate of hashsearching by utilizing the error tolerance setting with respect to thepeak points. Further, the music information retrieval method may expanda hash table by utilizing the error tolerance setting with respect tothe peak points.

Still further, as described above, this music information retrievalmethod, according to an embodiment, may extract a first peak point and asecond peak point of the MDCT-MS equally in both a clean environmentwithout noise and a noisy environment, as shown in FIG. 3. Accordingly,the music information retrieval method may be very robust against noise.

In operation 630, a hash value may be calculated based on the peakpoints and an MDCT-MS fingerprint of a querying clip may be extracted.

In operation 640, a clip identical to the querying clip may be retrievedfrom clips that are maintained in the MDCT-MS fingerprint database byusing the calculated hash value of each segment. Namely, here, a clipidentical to the querying clip may be retrieved from the MDCT-MSfingerprint database by using peak points of the querying clip.

In operation 650, the music information retrieval system may calculateBER values between the querying clip and all indexed clips, such thatthe calculated BER values are compared and a lowest BER value isdetermined to be a final retrieval result.

As described above, the music information retrieval method, according tothe embodiments of the present invention, may rapidly retrieve musicinformation, even with noise, by retrieving music information using peakpoints of a modulation spectrum.

In addition to the above described embodiments, embodiments of thepresent invention can also be implemented through computer readablecode/instructions in/on a medium, e.g., a computer readable medium. Themedium can correspond to any medium/media permitting the storing and/ortransmission of the computer readable code.

The computer readable code can be recorded/transferred on a medium in avariety of ways, with examples of the medium including magnetic storagemedia (e.g., ROM, floppy disks, hard disks, etc.), optical recordingmedia (e.g., CD-ROMs, or DVDs), for example. The media may also be adistributed network, so that the computer readable code isstored/transferred and executed in a distributed fashion.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, there may beprovided a music information retrieval method, medium, and system thatcan rapidly retrieve music information in a noisy environment byextracting a modulation spectrum, converting features of the extractedmodulation spectrum into hash bits, and using a hash table.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, there may beprovided a music information retrieval method, medium, and system thatcan rapidly retrieve a song identical to a given querying clip from alarge-capacity music database by using a hash searching method, ratherthan a conventional statistical classification method.

Although a few embodiments of the present invention have been shown anddescribed, the present invention is not limited to the describedembodiments. Instead, it would be appreciated by those skilled in theart that changes may be made to these embodiments without departing fromthe principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which isdefined by the claims and their equivalents.

What is claimed is:
 1. An audio information storage method, comprising:generating a Modified Discrete Cosine Transformation-Modulation Spectrum(MDCT-MS) fingerprint database from audio data in correspondingcompressed domains; generating a hash table by dividing each MDCT-MSfingerprint in the MDCT-MS fingerprint database into segments;extracting an MDCT-MS fingerprint from an audio clip; dividing theextracted MDCT-MS fingerprint from the audio clip into segments andutilizing the audio clip segments as a hash value for referring to theMDCT-MS fingerprint database to retrieve a stored clip that matches theaudio clip; and acquiring unreliable bits with respect to MDCT-MSfingerprints by ranking deviation values of neighboring frames acorresponding MDCT-MS.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprisingcalculating Bit Error Ratio (BER) values between the audio clip andindexed clips of the database, and comparing the calculated BER valuesto determine one of the indexed clips having a lowest BER value as afinal result of the retrieving of the stored clip identical to the audioclip.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the generating of the hash tablecomprises: dividing each MDCT-MS fingerprint into a plurality ofsegments, each segment having an identical length; and generating thehash table by using the divided segments as the hash value.
 4. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the hash table corresponds to each segment ofthe MDCT-MS fingerprints.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein theacquiring of the unreliable bits comprises acquiring the unreliable bitswith respect to a corresponding MDCT-MS fingerprint by setting apredetermined threshold with respect to the deviation values of theneighboring frames of the corresponding MDCT-MS.
 6. At least onenon-transitory computer readable medium comprising computer readablecode to control at least one processing element to implement the audioinformation storage method of claim
 1. 7. An audio information storagemethod, comprising: generating a Modified Discrete CosineTransformation-Modulation Spectrum (MDCT-MS) fingerprint database fromaudio data in corresponding compressed domains; generating a hash tablefor the generated MDCT-MS fingerprint database based on correspondingunreliable-bits-toggled MDCT-MS fingerprints; extracting an MDCT-MSfingerprint from an audio clip while calculating a hash value of theaudio clip based on the unreliable-bits-toggled MDCT-MS fingerprints;and referring to the MDCT-MS database to retrieve a clip that matchesthe audio clip based on the hash value of the audio clip.
 8. The methodof claim 7, further comprising calculating Bit Error Ratio (BER) valuesbetween the audio clip and indexed clips and comparing the calculatedBER values to determine one of the indexed clips having a lowest BERvalue as a final result of the retrieving of the clip matching the audioclip.
 9. At least one non-transitory computer readable medium comprisingcomputer readable code to control at least one processing element toimplement the audio information storage method of claim
 7. 10. An audioinformation storage method, comprising: generating a Modified DiscreteCosine Transformation-Modulation Spectrum (MDCT-MS) fingerprint databasefrom audio data in corresponding compressed domains; generating a hashtable for the generated MDCT-MS fingerprint database by usingcorresponding peak points as a corresponding hash value; calculating ahash value, based on peak points, of an audio clip and extracting anMDCT-MS fingerprint of the audio clip; and referring to the MDCT-MSdatabase to retrieve a clip that matches the audio clip, from clips thatare maintained in the MDCT-MS fingerprint database, based on thecalculated hash value of the audio clip.
 11. The method of claim 10,further comprising calculating Bit Error Ratio (BER) values between theaudio clip and indexed clips and comparing the calculated BER values todetermine at least one of the indexed clips having a lowest BER value asa final result of the retrieving of the clip matching the audio clip.12. The method of claim 10, wherein the corresponding hash valueutilizes a corresponding first peak point and second peak point of thecorresponding MDCT-MS.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein correspondinghash value utilizes a distance between the corresponding first peakpoint and second peak point of the corresponding MDCT-MS.
 14. The methodof claim 10, wherein the generating of the hash table further comprisesgenerating the hash table by simultaneously utilizing information on acorresponding first peak point and second peak point of thecorresponding MDCT-MS.
 15. The method of claim 10, wherein theretrieving of the audio clip further comprises retrieving the matchingclip from the MDCT-MS fingerprint database based on peak pointinformation of the audio clip.
 16. The method of claim 10, furthercomprising: generating bits bias tolerance with respect to acorresponding first peak point and second peak point of thecorresponding MDCT-MS.
 17. At least one non-transitory computer readablemedium comprising computer readable code to control at least oneprocessing element to implement the audio information storage method ofclaim
 10. 18. An audio information storage system, comprising: an audiofingerprint generation unit to extract a Modified Discrete CosineTransformation-Modulation Spectrum (MDCT-MS) from audio data in acompressed domain and to generate an audio fingerprint of the audio datato be stored in a memory; and an audio data retrieval unit to refer to adatabase to retrieve retrieval audio data corresponding to the generatedaudio fingerprint, wherein the audio fingerprint generation unitcomprises: a Modified Discrete Cosine Transformation (MDCT) coefficientextraction unit to extract MDCT coefficients from the audio data in thecompressed domain by partially decoding the audio data; an MDCTcoefficient selection unit to select an MDCT coefficient, existing in afrequency domain not affected by noise, from the extracted MDCTcoefficients; a modulation spectrum generation unit to perform aDiscrete Fourier Transform (DFT) with respect to the selected MDCTcoefficient and to generate an MDCT modulation spectrum (MDCT-MS) of theaudio data; and a bit unit to quantize features of the generated MDCT-MSaccording to a bit derivation method.
 19. The system of claim 18,wherein the bit unit ranks absolute values according to the bitderivation method, selects unreliable bits from quantized bits, andquantizes the selected unreliable bits to ‘0’ and ‘1’ from ‘1’ and ‘0’,respectively.
 20. The system of claim 18, further comprising: a peakpoint extraction unit to extract peak points from the MDCT-MS features.21. The system of claim 18, wherein the audio data retrieval unitcomprises: a hash retrieval unit to generate a hash value from thegenerated audio fingerprint and to retrieve at least one candidate audiofingerprint from the database which matches the generated hash value byreferring to a hash table; a fingerprint retrieval unit to compare theat least one retrieved candidate audio fingerprint and the generatedaudio fingerprint and retrieving one of the at least one candidate audiofingerprint that has a bit error rate smaller than a predeterminedreference value; an information storage unit to store audio datainformation, each comprising corresponding candidate audio fingerprints;and an information providing unit to provide a user with audio datainformation corresponding to the one of the at least one candidate audiofingerprint.
 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the hash retrieval unitcomprises: a hash value generation unit to extract an indexing bit fromthe generated audio fingerprint and to generate a hash value by a hashfunction; a hash table storing hash values corresponding to addressesreferring to each candidate audio fingerprint in the database and anaddress referring to each corresponding audio data information; and atable retrieval unit to retrieve the one of the at least one candidateaudio fingerprint which matches the generated hash value from the hashtable.
 23. The system of claim 21, wherein the fingerprint retrievalunit comprises: an audio fingerprint storage unit to convert the audiodata into the generated audio fingerprint and to store the generatedaudio fingerprint; a Bit Error Ratio (BER) calculation unit tocalculating a BER value of the at least one candidate audio fingerprintand the generated audio fingerprint; a comparison unit to compare apredetermined threshold and the calculated BER value; an audiofingerprint detection unit to detect the one of the at least onecandidate audio fingerprint as having a BER value smaller than thethreshold; and a threshold adjustment unit to adjust the thresholdaccording to a result of the detection of the one of the at least onecandidate audio fingerprint.
 24. The system of claim 23, wherein thethreshold adjustment unit adjusts the threshold until only a singlecandidate audio fingerprint, of the at least one candidate audiofingerprints, is detected from the audio fingerprint detection unit. 25.An audio information storage system, to be referred to for retrieval ofa stored audio data, corresponding to a query audio data input, using ahash function, comprising: a Modified Discrete Cosine Transformation(MDCT) coefficient extraction unit to extract corresponding MDCTcoefficients from audio data in corresponding compressed domains bypartially decoding the audio data; an MDCT coefficient selection unit toselect a corresponding MDCT coefficient, existing in a frequency domainnot affected by noise, from the extracted corresponding MDCTcoefficients; a modulation spectrum generation unit to perform aDiscrete Fourier Transform (DFT) with respect to the selectedcorresponding MDCT coefficient and to generate a corresponding MDCTmodulation spectrum (MDCT-MS) of the audio data to be stored in amemory; a bit unit to quantize features of the generated correspondingMDCT-MS according to a bit derivation method; and a storage to store aplurality of generated audio fingerprints in a database and/or to storea hash table corresponding to the plurality of generated audiofingerprints, based on results of the MDCT coefficient extraction unit,MDCT coefficient selection unit, modulation spectrum generation unit,and bit unit.
 26. An audio retrieving method, comprising: extracting,using at least one processor, a fingerprint from querying audio;comparing, using the at least one processor, the extracted queryingaudio fingerprint with one or more candidate audio fingerprints,respectively extracted from one or more candidate audios, by referringto a database; determining, using the at least one processor, which ofthe one or more candidate audio fingerprints matches the extractedquerying audio fingerprint; and providing, using the at least oneprocessor, audio information with respect to the one or more candidateaudios corresponding to the determined one or more matching candidateaudio fingerprints, wherein the comparing comprises: generating aquerying hash value using the extracted querying audio fingerprint;adjusting the querying hash value by toggling determined unreliable bitsaccording to the extracted querying audio fingerprint.
 27. The method ofclaim 26, wherein the comparing further comprises: comparing thequerying hash value with one or more candidate hash values,corresponding to the one or more candidate audio fingerprints, byreferring to a hash table; and determining which of the one or morecandidate hash values matches the querying hash value.
 28. The method ofclaim 27, wherein the generating includes dividing the extractedquerying audio fingerprint into a plurality of segments, and utilizingeach of the plurality of segments in the generating of the querying hashvalue.
 29. The method of claim 27, wherein the generating of thequerying hash value includes utilizing a peak point of a modulationspectrum of the querying audio according to the extracted querying audiofingerprint.
 30. The method of claim 27, wherein the determiningincludes determining which of the candidate hash values matches thequerying hash value based on determined error information, thedetermined error information being related to respective candidate audiofingerprints and the querying audio.
 31. The method of claim 26, whereinthe extracting of the fingerprint of the querying audio includesconverting a modulation spectrum of the querying audio, based onfrequency transform, and wherein the modulation spectrum is generated bydecoding the querying audio.
 32. At least one non-transitory computerreadable medium comprising computer readable code to control at leastone processing device to implement the audio retrieving method of claim26.
 33. An audio retrieving apparatus, comprising: a fingerprintretrieving unit which extracts a fingerprint to be stored in a memoryfrom querying audio, compares the extracted querying audio fingerprintwith one or more candidate audio fingerprints, respectively extractedfrom one or more candidate audios, by referring to a database, anddetermines which of the one or more candidate audio fingerprints matchesthe extracted querying audio fingerprint; and an information providingunit which provides audio information with respect to the one or morecandidate audios corresponding to the determined one or more matchingcandidate audio fingerprints, wherein the fingerprint retrieving unitgenerates a querying hash value using the extracted querying audiofingerprint, and wherein the fingerprint retrieving unit is configuredto adjust the querying hash value by toggling determined unreliable-bitsaccording to the extracted querying audio fingerprint.
 34. The apparatusof claim 33, wherein the fingerprint retrieving unit compares thequerying hash value with one or more candidate hash values,corresponding to the one or more candidate audio fingerprints, byreferring to a hash table, and determines which of the one or morecandidate hash values matches the querying hash value.
 35. The apparatusof claim 34, wherein the fingerprint retrieving unit divides theextracted querying audio fingerprint into a plurality of segments, andutilizes each of the plurality of segments in the generating of thequerying hash value.
 36. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein thefingerprint retrieving unit utilizes a peak point of a modulationspectrum of the querying audio according to the extracted querying audiofingerprint.
 37. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein the fingerprintretrieving unit determines which of the candidate hash values matchesthe querying hash value based on determined error information, thedetermined error information being related to respective candidate audiofingerprints and the querying audio.
 38. The apparatus of claim 33,wherein the fingerprint retrieving unit converts a modulation spectrumof the querying audio, based on frequency transform, and wherein thefingerprint retrieving unit generates the modulation spectrum bydecoding the querying audio.